24 Oct 09 When To Buy Or Sell Options

There are strategies on whether to buy or sell in the money, at the money or out of the money options. There are questions of whether to be a buyer or seller, and to get puts or calls, and to be hedged or un-hedged. In addition, there’s also the question of WHEN to select the option. Do you select short term, or long term?

There are two views

One point of view is that you believe what Warren Buffet believes, and that’s that the pricing model is based too much on recent volatility, and that if you sell an option as far out in the future as possible when the volatility of the market/individual stock is at it’s peak, that with all things being equal, you will probably find that the volatility won’t return, and thus the buyer of the option is paying Too much. In addition, if you are Warren Buffet, you can depreciate your losses on paper, and use the sale of your options as capital to invest. If you are Warren Buffet, there’s a lot more value in having cash as you can achieve greater gains with that cash.

The other view is that long term options may cost more for volatility, but paying for 1 10 month option is cheaper then 10 1 month options at the same strike price. As a result, you should own long term options, and sell short term options, perhaps even with the same stock. If you buy a long term option, and sell short term, if at any given time, the price shoots up (and you sold short term calls), you can sell your long term option to pay for your short term option, then if you wish, repurchase the long term option and continue to write short term calls. You will continue to collect the theta.

I believe what Buffet believes to a certain extent. I believe that you should be a little concerned about the implied volatility and historical volatility. If a stock has had a lot of recent volatility, you should eventually expect that volatility to decline. If that does in fact happen, it may be more difficult to sell the value in calls to get your money back, but you still should. If you do not have the ability to borrow funds at the fed funds rate, or raise capital and so on, you will be better suited buying LEAPS and selling short term. That doesn’t necessarily mean both views can’t be correct. You could sell puts in times of high volatility in the S&P with European style options (must be held until expiration), and make money, or you could buy leap calls in that same period of time and make money. It’s even possible that you could also buy a put with the same expiration year (non European), and still sell enough short term puts to pay for it by then. I believe that buying short term options is the riskiest.

Well what if someone owns a stock and they write covered calls and the buyer actually does win. He will win more than he loses, the owner of the stock will forfeit his stock and lose a small amount, but where the heck does the money come from? The option buyer pays essentially a fee for the option, the option seller receives that fee, the option calls in the shares, and the share price is sold to someone who either paid too much for it, or someone who will eventually sell it to someone who paid too much for it. Someone will lose. However, it is possible for the option owners and option sellers to all win.

I would not want to be the one buying short term options, that requires expert knowledge about what is going to happen short term, or billions of dollars at your disposal to force the price of the stock up, and hope demand follows so you can win and still get out before people figure it out, or you could own a huge hedge fund or mutual fund and use that to try to chase a stock up higher while you sell out of that same stock. These are the kinds of games that can be played, which is why it wouldn’t make sense for someone who is smart enough and can figure stuff out to turn his money over to a mutual fund manager.

So it’s possible to make money as an option buyer and as a seller. The question is, does it fit with what you do, and do you know what you are doing?

Maclin Vestor teaches about varioustrading systems. You can even learn about gold trading systems, and buying Krugerrand at his blog.

Tags: buy stock, how to buy options, how to buy stock, option trading systems, options, stock, Stock Options, when to buy options, when to buy stock

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09 Sep 09 Money Management - The Focus Of Expert Investors

Many people have been through it all, they’ve lost money and made money in stocks, they’ve lost and made money in poker, and they’ve lost and made money in options, and they’ve even lost money and made money in gold. Ultimately the one thing that can make or break you is Money Management. It is what separates the winners from the losers and the haves from the have-nots. What do people that go through those experiences ultimately learn from?

The fact is that it almost doesn’t matter at all how good the method is, if you cannot manage your money well. In stocks although people who can read financial statements and charts, and understand if a stock is likely to go up, or do back testing on certain method and estimate a probability that stocks using that method went up in the past, it is difficult to pin point the exact odds. That makes managing your money more difficult. However, just because you can’t know the exact probability, doesn’t mean you can’t use past results to estimate a probability range, and manage your money well. Lets just assume for a while that you could know the exact probabilities. If you know that you will win 3 times as much as you lose when you win, and you know that the win will take place half the time, do you know for sure that you will make money in the long run?

This is a trick question, you can never know with certainty that you will make money, but is it probable? Again, that still depends. How can this be? It’s easy to say that if you invest $100, you will turn it into $200 (gaining $100) half the time, and you will lose $33 the other half, that in 100 one hundred dollar investments you can expect to make $5000, lose $1667 and net $3333. However, this fails to take into account how likely you are to be able to afford the $1667 in losses and maintain that $100 investment every time out of 100 times.

In other words, the $3333 net gain is theoretical, and takes absolute no consideration on how likely you are to be able to afford those 100 investments. What if you only had $100 and you bet it all, you have a 50% chance that you lose $33 of that 1000… what then? You can’t simply make another $100 investment, So instead you have to make a $66 investment, now your win will be significantly less. If you lose yet again it will become even more difficult to get back to even. Although on paper this is a good investment, it is not a good investment without proper money management. You may have built a very safe car that drives straight, but if you are a bad driver you still could crash.

Unfortunately many people don’t learn how to drive their financial investment vehicles, and instead rely on money managers, financial advisors, mutual fund owners, and company CEOs to do everything for them. This isn’t a bad thing for those unable or unwilling to learn. However, the risk is not only that these people won’t manage your money well, and not only that if they do, you still may pay them so much in fees and expenses that it’s not profitable, but also that by handing the keys to your investment vehicle over to someone else, you lose control and you fail to learn anything. Although you may accomplish your goals with the help of these people, you also could do this yourself with a good trading system that uses good money management.

Maclin Vestor teaches about financial information and advice. You can even learn about finance, money management, and figuring out finance at his System Trading | Stocks Trading Systems blog.

Tags: forex, how to buy stock, invest, investment, money management, money manager, options, stock, stock investment, stock market, Stock Options, stock trading system, trade, trades, trading system

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07 Sep 09 Money Management in Trading Systems

How to manage money when buying stocks, futures, or options — what you must know before you buy.

Many people have a very crucial problem, they take on more risk than they can. It really doesn’t matter if you’re very young, if you take risk to the extreme and continue down that path, you will by mathematical law in all probability lose money.

Lets say you had an almost sure investment that was 85% likely to succeed. When it succeeded you double your money. You put all your money on it. The problem is, when the investment fails, you lose everything. Now it is just a fact that you will eventually lose everything if you continue to invest everything. You only need one trade and you are wiped out completely. Now, even if you invested 90% of your money on an investment that would win 80% of the time, you still are taking on too much risk to win in the long run. If you lose once, you will need a 1000% return just to get back to even. That simply will not happen forever, and even if it did, the large loss would limit your potential for gain so much, that you’d be better off not taking on the maximum risk.

Now, your risk of losing everything can never be completely 100% eliminated, even with conservative strategies. If you flip enough coins, eventually you’ll get a very rare event such as 100 heads in a row. However, you’ll also get 100 tails in a row. The idea is that you have a strategy that yields you more when you win, and/or wins more than it loses. in this case there will be several losses in a row, but there will also be several wins in a row. If you manage your money properly, you will still have enough money if you get several losses in a row, to be able to more than make up for it when you get several wins in a row. If you are forced to limit the amount of capital after so many losses, that you cannot invest with the same amount after the losses, you may be unable to win enough to make up for those losses. The idea is to keep your investments small enough to limit the chances of that happening. Although almost nothing is a sure thing, by using proper money management, you tip the odds in your favor.

Even if you have a profitable method, if you do not manage your risk, your profitable method becomes unprofitable. It’s not usually the investment vehicle, it’s the investor that ultimately determines how quickly you fail, and ultimately whether you are able to succeed. Under the same context, it’s not usually the type of car, but the driver that determines whether you cause an accident. In order to protect yourself, you must keep your positions at a manageable level, and make sure to keep yourself limited by these rules that will limit your risk of ruin and keep the odds in your favor so you can stay in the game.

So how exactly does one manage money in a trading system? You need to determine probability of a move taking place. If you buy OTM option, the stock will have to move larger for success to occur. Of course if it does, the reward will be greater. There are probability curves based on a random walk theory that will assist you in determining the probability of a move taking place, until you know any better, use these. However, you also should use your own records of your system Determine both your risk/reward (your average % win divided by your average percentage losses, and in addition figure out your likelihood of success. When you do this, you can use what’s known as the Kelly Criterion By using the formula as follows Kelly % = W - [(1 - W) / R] Kelly % = The maximum percentage of your capital you should invest per position. W = Winning probability R = Win/loss ratio

A trading system that contains good money management rules will not only outperform one without, but it will also help protect your capital, and keep you in the game.

Maclin Vestor teaches about varioustrading systems and teaches you to find a trading system that works for you.

Tags: forex, futures, how to buy stock, investment, investments, options, stock, stock market, Stock Options, stock trading systems, stocks, system, systems, trading, trading strategy

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05 Aug 09 Trading Systems Introduction

by Maclin Vestor

A good trading system is about much more than just selecting stocks. Certainly that is important as well. However, a good trading system will provide the ability for you to protect against losses, manage your money, add proper leverage when necessary, and also select a stock selection maximizing your reward and minimizing your risk.

The guess work is taken out of the way for you. The stock is purchased when criteria is met, the amount of stock purchased is also based on certain criteria. The stock is sold when criteria met, and there are protective measures against a stock’s demise, and where possible and appropriate leverage is created to maximize the returns without taking on more risk than you can handle.

This trading system will be talked about in 5 additional parts in addition to this intro. This post is designed to explain the trading system, its functions and how it operates.

1) Exit strategy. Every good system trader will first know the exit strategy. It doesn’t matter what vehicle selection you use, if you have no exit strategy, you’re stuck. The trick is to understand that unless you want to get trapped in an investment you have to know when you’re getting out.

A good exit strategy has both loss protection, and profit taking, and sometimes even a 3rd stop. The first 2 might be a maximum loss, and a maximum gain before taking profits, while the 3rd one will be a trailing stop that rides the gains up, and will sell the remaining shares. There are other exit strategies such as hold forever and write covered calls against it to collect income, or protective puts in place of a stop-loss.

2) Protection. Although #1 covers most of the protection, there are several other ways to protect yourself. Protection is vital to allow you to stay in the game. Many people know that if you lose 20% you need a 25% gain to make up for it. Losses not only can result in a series of losses that wipe you out, but they also hinder your ability to gain in the future. a 95% loss for example requires a 2000% nearly impossible goal to make up for this loss. So even if you flip a coin and have a 50% chance of gaining 200% or 50% chance of losing 95% of it, you should probably not take it if all your money is at risk, because it doesn’t have the downside protection A series of wins followed by 1 loss would prevent your ability to stay in the game. Even though those odds SEEM fair, they are not without proper protection. Protection ensures that you won’t have that 95% loss, and it absolutely restricts that loss to a fixed amount, rather than take 100% risk.

Such forms of protections are writing calls, in this situation you are given a premium so if the stock tanks to zero in a worst case scenario you’d still end up with the premium, this is minimal protection, and only protects a marginal amount of decline before the losses continue. The other form of protection would be buying a protective put. This actually in fact does protect against catastrophic losses. The lower your stock goes if/when it crashes, the more you make from your put or puts. You are the one paying a small amount in order to protect against any sort of decline below the designated price. The lower this price, the cheaper the option. If a stock is at $50 and you buy a protective put at a strike price of 40, you will NOT be protected against losses from 50 to 40, but beyond that you will be protected to the downside.

These are somewhat more sophisticated forms of protection. Basic forms of protection are diversifying, and perhaps being short. If you buy a stock at $100, and you short one in the same sector at $100, if the whole sector goes up, you are betting not that the market will go up, not that the sector will go up, but that stock A that you are long will outperform stock B in a bull market, and stock B will under perform stock A in a down market. This offers protection although it may limit the gains as well, Plus, you actually have to be right in your thesis.

In addition, if you are short, and the stock market booms, you may get a margin call and be forced to sell. Also, if you do not use money management, you are at risk of a short term swing requiring you to sell all of your shares of the stock that went up, in order to pay for those that you were short that went up, and if you can’t cover your short, your entire account is in jeopardy of being wiped out.

So rather than being short, I recommend replacing it with buying put options, although this has lots of risks involving time decay as well that you must understand before investing. Using a business entity such as a C Corp or a LLC is another form of protection that can protect you potentially against higher taxes, and personal financial trouble such as a bankruptcy on your record if you intend on using forms of leverage such as loans.

3) Money Management and Control. A good trading system will have a form of control. it will allow you to not give up that control when things go bad. In other words, it allows you to manage your money. Money management is very important. Perhaps one of the most important things is position sizing. If you buy $10,00 of stock for one stock when you only have $10,000 in your account this is very poor money management. Continue to do this, and eventually you will suffer a large loss which will be great, and it will be very difficult to gain enough to make up for it. In addition, if the price goes lower depending on your system, you may want to give yourself flexibility. Extra cash on the sides is another form of money management. It doesn’t have to be cash per say, but some form of safety. Various forms of currency, sometimes some gold, bonds, and money market accounts that are all fairly liquid would be a few examples.

4) Leverage Leverage is about using your abilities to gain, the strength of your trading system and various tools to minimize risk, and increase gain. When you take on leverage, you should be able to reduce your position size in comparison to your capital, and still have a similar reward or gain.

Forms of leverage include options, the further out of money option you purchase, the more leverage you have if that stock does make a strong move. You can also sell options to raise capital to invest in some cases.

Another from of leverage is a loan. Whether it’s a credit card, a home equity loan, going on margin, or a business loan for an asset holding company, or even taking a company public and using the capital to invest, the idea is to gain money at x% and to invest it and make a greater return than x%. if you can do this, and manage money well, and protect yourself, Your gain is only limited to the amount of capital you can borrow at the maximum of slightly less than what you expect to gain. Generally however, if you use a loan, you should have a form of cash flow or income that will cover the costs of the loan just in case your investment goes wrong. That’s another form of money management while using leverage. Money management should be treated much differently under different forms of leverage.

5) Finally, the stock selection vehicle. You need some method to select your vehicle, based on this and your other factors you will determine time horizon and a methodology of trading. The system will help you choose your trading stocks, and exactly what to do with them. You can play around with different trading systems, but generally you should first attempt a good exit strategy and make sure your controls on parts 1-4 of your trading system are sound, and try tweaking them

Stock Trading Systems that are well defined will leave very little room for error. If you learn to use a trading system, you can choose to enhance the essential skills it takes to making your trading system better.

Unfortunately, many day traders are slaves to the computer screen and can miss a moment. Focus on building the better trading system, and not placing the better trade, and you will give yourself some valuable time. If you are really using a system, you don’t need to be the one to place the trades, and can instead higher someone to do the work for you. You can use that extra time to improve your system, or find new ways to invest, or learn how to become a better trader.

You can learn other tips like this at the System Trading|Stocks Trading Systems blog, which is full of tips for day trading, options, swing trading, momentum trading, and advice on building a trading system.

About the Author:

Maclin Vestor teaches about varioustrading systems and teaches you how to buy stock online.

Tags: business, buy stock, Finance, forex, futures, how to buy stock, options, stock market, stock online, Stock Options, stock trading system, stocks, system trading, trading system

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24 Oct 09 When To Buy Or Sell Options

09 Sep 09 Money Management - The Focus Of Expert Investors

07 Sep 09 Money Management in Trading Systems

05 Aug 09 Trading Systems Introduction

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